Third Quarter 2010 GDP Revision

The revision to third quarter 2010 GDP was released last week. The original estimate, 2.0%, was revised up to 2.5%, a more "respectable" number than the original. In the first release of each quarter's GDP number, inventories, exports, and imports are all approximated. Subsequent months will use available data to eliminate the "educated guesses" contained in the first estimate. That was the case for today's release. Here is a story discussing the GDP release.

As the official GDP releases represent somewhat "stale" data, we can approximate what they will entail using real-time data from asset markets, which has been a central theme of my classes. To do this, go to StockCharts.com and on the middle right select the PerfChart (this stands for Performance Chart) that deals with the sectors of the S&P 500. To save you time and effort, here is the link.

PROCEDURE:
First, choose a bar chart at the bottom left (second button from the left). Then, move the slider (bottom right) to cover the exact time period you desire. Here, I have used the third quarter of 2010.

ANALYSIS:
Observe which sectors have performed better than the S&P 500 index (i.e., outperformed the overall market). This occurs when the S&P 500 button at the top left of the chart is selected.

For the third quarter of 2010, clearly the most cyclically sensitive sectors outperformed the market, with the exception of Financials. Overall, this is a reflection of the growth that occurred during that quarter. Had the defensive sectors (i.e., Consumer Staples, Health Care, and Utilities) outperformed, this would have signaled a potentially weakening economy.

Can this analysis be used to help predict the GDP report before it is actually released? The answer is yes. Asset markets, one of which is the stock market, are leading indicators, which means they tend to move in advance of changes in other parts of the economy. So, current changes in leading economic indicators tend to signal future changes we can expect to observe in the overall economy.

What is the stock market (and its sectors) telling us about the fourth quarter rate of economic growth? The second chart (click to enlarge) shows market performance since October 1. Other than Energy and Consumer Discretionary stocks (which themselves are cyclical), the remainder of cyclical indicators are performing less well than they did in the third quarter. The apparent message is that economic growth in the fourth quarter will be slower than it was in Q3, or spotty at best in comparison.

There are two things that should be noted. First, there is no indication that economic growth will become negative in Q4. Second, the slowing of economic growth these sectors seem to be indicting also affects the defensive sectors, so they are more negative than they were in Q3. The greater under performance utilities may also reflect an expectation of somewhat higher interest rates in the near term (i.e., (public) utilities like electric companies tend to pay high dividends which become less attractive when interest rates are expected to rise). Part of this no doubt reflects ongoing worries about the US housing market and the economic stability and solvency of several European countries as well (Ireland, Portugal, Spain, Italy, and Greece, sometimes referred to as the PIIGS, using their first letters). Will economic weakness in Europe weaken the recent momentum the US has been experiencing? The market apparently believe that this is likely.

Let me suggest that you continue to follow the sectors as we move farther into the fourth quarter and see what the market is suggesting. We won't get the initial Q4 GDP data until late in January, so this should be informative in advance of the formal data in January (that will be stale at that point).

The US Recession is Officially Over

Today, the group officially responsible for applying dates to national business cycle turning points (i.e., recessions and recoveries), the National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER), declared that the most recent recession ended in June of 2009. Read their full statement.

Just as most people didn't realize we were in recession for quite some time after the most recent recession began, many didn't realize that we have now been in an economic recovery for over a year. There are several reasons for this.

First, a (national) recession is not defined the way most people think it is. Apparently almost everyone believes that a recession occurs when the US economy experiences at least two consecutive quarters where real (inflation-adjusted) GDP declines. This definition is predicated entirely on the behavior of a single variable -- national output, which would be declining for at least six consecutive months. Were this the definition, it would be very easy to "date" recessions: count to two after checking GDP releases, looking for negative growth rates. Second, the NBER does not do things this way, nor do they restrict their analysis exclusively to quarterly data. Read the Q&A about the way they define recessions and recoveries. In this, the NBER states a very important point: a recession isn't defined as being a period of low activity, but a time period of continually declining economic activity. Extending this to recoveries, these don't necessarily indicate a return to "normal" times. Instead, they reflect continually improving economic activity in a number of areas.

What is the actual definition the NBER uses to define a recession? According to the NBER, a recession is defined in the following way:

"The NBER does not define a recession in terms of two consecutive quarters of decline in real GDP. Rather, a recession is a significant decline in economic activity spread across the economy, lasting more than a few months, normally visible in real GDP, real income, employment, industrial production, and wholesale-retail sales."

So, from this, what we can infer is that as we are now about a year into a national economic recovery, economic activity in a number of areas is improving (on average). THIS DOES NOT MEAN WE HAVE RETURNED TO "TRADITIONAL" LEVELS OF THESE VARIABLES. That could take months or even years, especially as our economy is in a period where persons are saving and paying down debt, and bank lending is not as great as we would like to see it.

Confusion surrounding the dates of recessions and recoveries is the manifestation of a very basic observation I will make: persons instinctively focus on the levels of economic variables; economists extend this focus on levels to rates of change as well. So, the rate of economic growth is just that -- a rate of growth and thus a measure of rate of change. Actually, economists often go farther, as we are now concerned about whether the rate of economic growth will be slowing. This means economists are now focusing on rates of change (are we slowing?) in the rate of change (the rate of economic growth). You will often hear this referred to as the "second derivative" of economic activity. Clearly, economists think and speak a different language than do most people, often defying "intuition."

GDP Surprise

Friday's GDP report, the preliminary look at Q4 economic performance, was surprising. The consensus was for about a 4 percent gain, but the number came in at 5.7 percent. This was an excellent example of how "good news" impacts interest rates: good news tends to cause higher interest rates, as we discussed in class the other day. Here is the link for an article discussing this.

Initially the stock market and interest rates rose as the results were released. By the end of the day, however, things had changed.  The chart (click to enlarge), which uses 60-minute OHLC bars, shows how the ten-year US Government bond reacted throughout Friday's trading. First thing to note, the actual interest rate is 1/10 of the value listed on the right scale. So, for example, 36 corresponds to 3.6, etc. Second, note how closing values exceeded opening values for the first two bars (hours). How could we figure that momentum might begin to shift? Look for upper tails, where the bulls were unable to support high levels, and by the end of the time period, bears had pushed values lower. After the second bar (hour), things turned around for the rest of the day, as close was below open each hour. By the last hour, there was essentially a "toss up," as open and close were almost identical.

Why did rates reverse on the "good news." Much of the overall GDP growth was the result of inventory effects (3.7% of the 5.7%), which will not persist in coming quarters.So, while this GDP number was a surprise and good news, interest rates, like asset markets in general, are forward looking. So the news in coming quarters might not necessarily be all that much better than what the markets had been anticipating prior to the GDP release. More data, primarily for this actual quarter, will be needed to move the direction of interest rates from where they were that day. Support, though, appears to be at 3.6 percent. Will this level hold? As the course progresses , I will show you how to use economic models to make an educated guess at questions like this.

Q4 GDP Surprise?

On Friday, the second round estimate of Q4 2008 GDP was released. Originally, the real growth rate for Q4 was -3.8%. But, as I noted in class, that release only approximated inventories, exports, and imports.

The value for Friday's release was fairly close to my expectation. My prediction was for a downward revision to -5.5%, but I didn't rule out a drop of around 6%. That's what we got: -6.2%. The media tried to play this as a huge surprise, but many economists saw this coming. Markets gyrated throughout the day. The Dow-Jones average started the day down over 100 points, eventually moved into positive territory, then closed down 119. ALWAYS PAY ATTENTION TO THE WEEKLY CLOSE. The ten-year bond rate closed above 3 percent, which will likely remain in force as budget deficit projections continue to rise.

The major revisions contained in the revised GDP data were a worse-than-expected fall in exports and a sharp downward reduction in inventories. Read this article about the report. Actually, the fact that inventories are much smaller than first estimated is a very positive sign. Inventories are a leading economic indicator - their behavior today signals likely changes in economic activity 3 to 6 months in the future. So, with the new inventory estimate, businesses have far less inventory to work off in future months, meaning they have already begun to work through this problem (review the Quantity Adjustment Mechanism from Supply and Demand notes). Unfortunately, working down inventories will continue for much of this year, as national and global weakness persists.

On Friday, the Dow-Jones average closed near the low of the day, which moved us very close to the 7,000 level. Next Friday the February employment data will be released. That could move us below 7,000, but only if there were very big surprises (a nightmare decline in employment, and a sharp rise in the unemployment rate). I'm not sure we'll see that as the markets have already priced in very bad employment data, especially in light of Thursday's initial claims level.

GDP Report

On Friday, the preliminary GDP estimate for Q4 of 2008 was released. The number indicated a decline of 3.8% (versus Q3 -- an annualized change). This is well below my expectation of -4.5%, and the consensus figure of -5.5%. However, the preliminary (first-pass) number is based on estimates of inventories and net exports (exports and imports).

Interestingly, both inventories and net exports made positive contributions to the Q4 number. Personally, I believe these will be very different when the second pass number is released in a month, so I am sticking with my expectation of -4.5% to -5%.

What did the stock market do in reaction to the GDP number? After a brief and weak rally early, the stock market closed down. The Dow-Jones Industrial Average closed right at 8,000 (a fall of 148), which is a support from a few months ago (think of this as Support #1). Will that hold? Next Friday the employment number for January will be released, and it promises to be UGLY!! So, it is likely that we will test Support #2 of 7,962 from mid-November, especially since the RSI is not yet in oversold territory.

The bond market likes weakness (remember from class: bad news is good news in the bond market), so rates dropped slightly (this was not much of a surprise to bond traders). Commodities (in terms of the CRB Commodities Index) rose slightly, as did Oil and GOLD.

In my mind, the most significant trend from intermarket analysis is that in spite of Friday's result, the bond market might have already turned up (rising interest rate trend, falling bond prices). As Murphy discusses in his text, historically, BONDS LEAD STOCKS (and Commodities). So, if the bond rates have bottomed, we might see a stock market bottom by the fourth quarter of this year.

If you have not done so yet, purchase and read all of Stikki Stock Charts, download my handout for getting started with StockCharts.com, and try out the things in the handout. I will hand out material to you on Tuesday.

Post Election Info

The election is now over (thank God!!). A sharp market sell off that some had feared failed to materialize. Interest rates have come down about half way from their gain after the employment report last Friday.

There is an excellent article I want you to read by Michael Kahn dealing with political cycles and the stock market. The interesting question he explores is whether the market will be strong for 2007 and 2008, or just 2007. In other words, will a historical pattern hold?

Today, we received the most recent balance of trade data. The September trade deficit fell sharply. Why? Because this is a nominal value, and the price of oil dropped sharply over the period covered by this report. So, while short-term fluctuations in the balance of trade often result from changes in relative US income change (as I noted in class), at times when oil prices rise or fall sharply, large changes occur. Read this article on the balance of trade figure.

Perhaps the most important implication of the balance of trade figure is that it indicates the likelihood of an upward revision to Q3 GDP growth. That's because the initial number we received (+1.6%) uses an approximation (i.e., guess) of the balance of trade deficit, which likely included an overestimate of the value of imports. Remember, imports get subtracted from GDP, so lower imports (due to a drop in oil prices) will add to GDP growth figure.